Technology-Enhanced Learning for Emergencies: Mapping the Impact of Simulator and VR Training

Abstract

Technology-enhanced training using simulators and virtual reality (VR) has gained prominence in preparing professionals for emergencies in safety-critical domains. This systematic evidence mapping review synthesises 27 empirical studies published between 2016 and 2025, exploring how simulator-based, VR, and related modalities impact emergency preparedness outcomes. Studies were coded by modality, domain, scenario type, fidelity, target group, assessment approach, and outcome direction. The analysis reveals that training effectiveness depends more on the alignment between modality and training goals than on the technology itself. Several studies report positive short-term outcomes such as procedural performance and self-efficacy, but evidence of long-term behavioural transfer is limited. Team-level benefits emerge when scenarios are designed for interdependence, yet many VR systems remain structurally individual. Outcome measurement critically shapes conclusions: behavioural assessments yield stronger evidence than self-report alone. This review offers a structured evidence map and design-evaluation insights, guiding future research and practice in technology-enhanced emergency training toward goal-modality fit and performance-based evaluation.